Mountain biking is a form of cycling that involves riding bicycles off-road, often over rough terrain, using specially designed mountain bikes. It differs from other cycling forms like road cycling in that mountain bikes are equipped with durable frames, wider wheels and tires for better traction and stability. They often feature advanced suspension systems, including suspension forks, to absorb shocks from uneven surfaces and improve control. This design allows mountain bikers to navigate through challenging trails, rocky paths, and steep inclines, providing both an intense physical workout and a thrilling outdoor adventure.
Mountain biking can burn calories ranging from approximately 303 to 762 per half-hour, with the exact amount of burned calories depending on the intensity of the ride (general, uphill vigorous, or competitive racing), whether the session is uphill or downhill, the distance covered, the duration of the activity, and the mountain biker’s weight.
Mountain biking equipment includes specialized bikes designed for varying off-road conditions, and mountain bike types include cross-country (XC), all-mountain, downhill, freeride, and fat bikes, offered by top brands such as Trek, Specialized, Giant, Cannondale, and Santa Cruz. The key parts of the mountain bike are the frame, groupsets for shifting and braking, suspension systems to absorb shocks, and specialized tires for traction. Essential mountain bike gear includes helmets for safety, shoes with grip for pedaling efficiency, and clothing suited for rugged outdoor conditions. Mountain bike accessories enhance the riding experience and include lights for visibility, pumps and spare tires for maintenance, glasses to protect against debris, trainers for off-season training, mudguards to keep dirt at bay, knee pads for protection, backpacks for carrying essentials, and bells for signaling presence, all contributing to a safer and more enjoyable mountain biking adventure.
In this article, we will explain the meaning of mountain biking, calories burned, equipment, gears and accessories to get into mountain biking, then from a sports perspective we analyze related mountain biking racing events, tactics, best MTB bikers, and how to ride a mountain bike including the riding poses, how to brake, how to shift, how to hike the bike and how to improve the riding skills. In the end we introduce the basic mountain biking training plan, necessary nutrition, related games, books, apps, movies, national parks and quotes.
Table of Contents
What is Mountain biking?
Mountain biking is an adventure sport and recreational activity that involves riding bicycles off-road, often over rough terrain, using specially designed mountain bikes. It involves the use of durable frames, advanced suspension systems to absorb shocks, wide tires with deep treads for better traction, handlebars that offer greater control, and gears suited for steep inclines and rugged paths. Mountain biking is known for its ability to provide a full-body workout, improve balance and coordination, and offer mental health benefits through outdoor exploration and adventure. Famous events in the mountain biking world include the UCI Mountain Bike World Cup, Red Bull Rampage, and Crankworx, showcasing the sport’s diverse disciplines from cross-country to downhill and freeride.
What are the types of mountain biking?
The types of mountain biking are Cross-country cycling, All-mountain, Enduro, Downhill, Four-cross, Dual Slalom, Freeride, Dirt Jumping, Trials, Urban/Street, Trail riding, Marathon, and Bikepacking. Here’s what each type entails explained in the list below.
- Cross-country cycling (XC): This is about racing on natural terrain with a mix of climbs, descents, and flat sections, emphasizing endurance and speed.
- All-mountain: Similar to Enduro but with a greater emphasis on technical descents and natural trail features.
- Enduro: This discipline combines elements of downhill and cross-country, with timed downhill sections and untimed uphill stages.
- Downhill: Focuses on fast descents, with riders using bikes equipped with significant suspension travel to navigate steep and technical trails.
- Four-cross (4X): A race in which four MTB bikers compete side by side on a constructed, BMX style track with jumps, berms, and obstacles.
- Dual Slalom: Two riders race simultaneously on parallel, mirror-image courses with similar obstacles, competing for the best time.
- Freeride: Emphasizes creative expression, with riders navigating through natural terrain, performing stunts, jumps, and other tricks.
- Dirt Jumping: Involves riders launching off ramps and performing tricks in the air, typically in a purpose-built dirt park.
- Trials: A highly skilled discipline where riders navigate through obstacle courses without putting their feet on the ground.
- Urban/Street: Incorporates elements of freeride and dirt jumping but in an urban environment, using man-made structures for tricks and stunts.
- Trail riding: Casual riding on singletrack trails; it’s more about the experience of riding through natural landscapes than racing or jumping.
- Marathon: Long-distance cross-country riding, typically in a race format, often takes several hours.
- Bikepacking: Combines mountain biking with lightweight camping, where riders carry essential gear for multi-day expeditions across varied terrains.
What are the differences between a mountain bike and a regular bike?
The differences between a mountain bike and a regular bike include the frame design, tire width, suspension system, handlebar shape, and gearing system, details are as below.
- Frame Design: Mountain bike frames are typically more robust and designed to withstand the rigors of off-road terrain, featuring a more aggressive geometry for better handling on steep and uneven trails.
- Tire Width: Mountain bikes have wider tires with deep treads for enhanced traction and stability on loose or rugged surfaces, unlike the thinner tires found on regular bikes designed for paved roads.
- Suspension System: Most mountain bikes are equipped with a suspension system, which may include front, rear, or full suspension to absorb shocks from rough terrain, offering a smoother ride than the rigid frames of many regular bikes.
- Handlebar Shape: Mountain bikes feature flat or riser handlebars that extend straight from the stem, providing the rider with better control and leverage when navigating technical trails, in contrast to the drop bars commonly found on road bikes.
- Gearing System: The gearing of a mountain bike is tailored for a wide range of terrains, offering lower gear ratios that make it easier to pedal up steep inclines, whereas regular bikes may have a gearing setup optimized for speed and efficiency on flat surfaces.
What are the differences between a mountain bike and a road bike?
The differences between a mountain bike and a road bike include geometry, handlebars, groupsets and gears, suspension, and wheel and tire size. Here’s an expansion on each:
- Geometry: Mountain bike frames have a slacker geometry with a more upright riding position to navigate technical terrain, while road bike frames feature a more aggressive, aerodynamic geometry for speed and efficiency on paved surfaces.
- Handlebars: Mountain bikes are equipped with wide, flat or riser bars for greater control on rough trails, in contrast to the drop bars on road bikes that offer multiple hand positions for aerodynamics and comfort during long rides.
- Groupset and Gears: Mountain bikes have a wide range of gears with lower ratios to tackle steep climbs and rugged terrain, whereas road bikes have higher gear ratios optimized for speed and smooth shifting on roads.
- Suspension: Many mountain bikes feature front and sometimes full suspension systems to absorb impacts from rocks, roots, and drops, whereas road bikes typically have no suspension to maintain lightness and rigidity for road efficiency.
- Wheel and Tire Size: Mountain bikes come with wider tires and often larger wheels (27.5″ or 29″) with aggressive tread patterns for grip on off-road surfaces. In comparison, road bikes have narrower tires (usually 23-28mm wide) and standard 700c wheels for lower rolling resistance on pavement.
Where and when was mountain biking invented?
Mountain biking was invented in the late 1970s in Marin County, California, USA, by cycling enthusiasts and pioneers such as Gary Fisher, Joe Breeze, and Tom Ritchey, who modified traditional bicycles to handle the demands of riding down rugged hillsides and off-road trails.
Is mountain biking dangerous?
No, mountain biking is not inherently dangerous if proper precautions are taken, such as wearing helmets, using appropriate gear, and riding within one’s skill level; however, the sport does involve risks due to factors like high speeds, technical downhill sections, and the potential for falls or collisions, which can lead to injuries.
What is the average mountain biking speed?
The average mountain biking speed varies widely based on terrain, rider skill level, and trail difficulty, but a general range is between 8-12 mph (13-19 kph) on mixed trail conditions. This estimate comes from observations and reports within the mountain biking community, as there is no single authoritative source for this data and it varies from person to person.
What is the average mountain bike weight?
The average mountain bike weight ranges from approximately 28 to 34 pounds (12.7 to 15.4 kg), with variations depending on the frame material, with aluminum bikes typically on the heavier end, carbon fiber models being lighter, and titanium offering a balance between strength and weight.
How fast can mountain bikes go?
Mountain bikes can go as fast as 30 to 40 mph (48 to 64 kph) on downhill sections, according to experienced riders and mountain biking forums. However, speeds vary greatly based on the rider’s skill, trail conditions, and the specific bike setup.
How dangerous is mountain biking?
Mountain biking carries a higher risk of injury than road cycling due to the challenging off-road terrain, obstacles like rocks and roots, and technical features such as jumps and drops. The sport often involves higher speeds on downhill sections and requires navigating through more unpredictable environments, increasing the potential for falls and collisions. However, with proper training, protective gear, and adherence to trail etiquette and difficulty levels, many of these risks can be managed effectively.
Calories burned Mountain biking
The calories burned from mountain biking can vary significantly depending on the body weight of the rider, the intensity level of the activity, and the duration of the ride; for example, using the METs method, a 175lb (approximately 79.38kg) individual mountain biking at a general intensity for 30 minutes might burn around 354.23 calories, with variations for more vigorous or competitive efforts resulting in higher caloric expenditure.
Below are the 30-minute burned calories from mountain biking for different body weights.
Activity burned calories in 30 minutes | 150lb / 68.04kg | 175lb / 79.38kg | 200lb / 90.72kg |
Bicycling, Mountain, General | 303.62 calories | 354.23 calories | 404.83 calories |
Bicycling, Mountain, Uphill, Vigorous | 500.09 calories | 583.43 calories | 666.78 calories |
Bicycling, Mountain, Competitive, Racing | 571.53 calories | 666.78 calories | 762.04 calories |
Is mountain biking good for weight loss?
Yes, mountain biking is good for weight loss because it can create a significant calorie deficit through intensive full-body exercise, working a wide range of muscles and typically burning more calories than road cycling due to the varied, challenging terrain and constant changes in intensity; however, consistent effort and a balanced diet are essential for effective weight loss.
Is mountain biking good exercise?
Yes, mountain biking is a good exercise because it provides a full-body workout, engaging not just the leg muscles but also the core, arms, and back for balance and control, making it an effective way to improve cardiovascular health, strength, and endurance.
Is mountain biking worth it?
Yes, mountain biking is worth it for people who seek a dynamic outdoor activity that combines weight loss, a comprehensive workout, and the mental health benefits of connecting with nature, offering a unique blend of physical and psychological rewards.
Mountain biking equipment
Mountain biking equipment comprises specialized gear and bicycles designed for off-road cycling. Mountain bike types include cross-country (XC), all-mountain, downhill, freeride, and fat bikes, each tailored for different styles of riding and terrain challenges. The most popular brands known for quality mountain bikes are Trek, Specialized, Giant, Cannondale, and Santa Cruz, renowned for their innovation and performance.
The equipment of mountain biking includes bikes with specific features like varied wheel sizes (commonly 27.5″ or 29″), wider tires for better traction and advanced suspension systems to handle rough terrains. Essential mountain bike gears encompass full-face helmets for downhill riding, standard helmets for less aggressive trails, gloves for grip and protection, and appropriate footwear for stability and pedal efficiency. Accessories for mountain bikes are numerous, including lights for visibility, pumps and repair kits for maintenance, mudguards to protect against debris, knee and elbow pads for safety, hydration packs for longer rides, and bells for signaling presence on shared trails.
Mountain bike
A mountain bike, originally developed in the late 1970s in Marin County, California by pioneers like Gary Fisher, Joe Breeze, and Tom Ritchey, is designed for off-road cycling. It features a robust frame, wider tires with deep treads for enhanced traction, and various suspension systems (ranging from hardtail to full suspension) to absorb shocks from uneven terrain. The handlebars are wider for better control, and the geometry is tailored to tackle steep and challenging trails effectively. Mountain bikes come in types including cross-country (XC), all-mountain, downhill, freeride, and fat bikes, each designed for specific off-road conditions — from long-distance endurance to steep descents. Dominant mountain bike brands known for innovation and quality are Trek, Specialized, Giant, Cannondale, and Santa Cruz.
What is MTB? “MTB” is simply an abbreviation for “mountain bike,” reflecting its specialized use in mountainous or rough terrains. This abbreviation is widely recognized and used in the biking community due to the popularity and distinct nature of mountain biking as both a sport and a recreational activity.
What different types of mountain bikes are there?
The different types of mountain bikes are Hardtail versus Full-Suspension, Cross-country (XC) mountain bikes, Trail mountain bikes, All-mountain/Enduro mountain bikes, Downhill mountain bikes, and Downcountry bikes, each designed to cater to specific terrain and riding styles due to variations in suspension, geometry, and intended use.
- Hardtail versus Full-Suspension: Hardtail mountain bikes have suspension in the front fork only, offering a lighter, more responsive ride on less challenging trails, while full-suspension bikes have both front and rear suspensions, providing better control and comfort on rougher terrains.
- Cross-country (XC) Mountain Bikes: These bikes are designed for speed and efficiency over long distances, featuring lightweight frames, moderate front suspension travel (usually 100-120mm), and are ideal for both competitive racing and recreational riding on varied terrains.
- Trail Mountain Bikes: Trail bikes are versatile, designed for general-purpose riding with balanced front and rear suspension travel (around 120-140mm), providing a good mix of climbing efficiency and descent capability.
- All-mountain/Enduro Mountain Bikes: Built for challenging terrains and more aggressive riding, these bikes have greater suspension travel (about 150-170mm), sturdier frames, and are suited for both climbing and descending steep trails.
- Downhill Mountain Bikes: Specifically designed for steep, rough downhill tracks, downhill bikes feature heavy-duty frames, the most suspension travel (up to 200mm or more), and are generally used in lift-serviced mountain biking parks.
- Downcountry Bikes: A newer category, Downcountry bikes blend aspects of XC and trail bikes, featuring lightweight frames like XC bikes but with slightly more suspension travel (usually around 120-130mm) for better downhill performance.
Type | Suspension Type | Front Suspension Travel | Rear Suspension Travel | Frame Geometry |
Cross-country (XC) | Hardtail or Full | 100-120mm | 0-120mm | Efficient, Agile |
Trail | Full | 120-140mm | 120-140mm | Balanced |
All-mountain/Enduro | Full | 150-170mm | 150-170mm | Aggressive |
Downhill | Full | Up to 200mm+ | Up to 200mm+ | Downhill Focused |
Downcountry | Full | 120-130mm | 120-130mm | Lightweight, Efficient |
Mountain bike brands
The 30 most popular mountain bike brands include Trek, Specialized, Giant, Mongoose, BH Bikes, Cannondale, Diamondback, Eastern, Evil Bikes, Genesis, GT, Huffy, Hyper Bicycles, Ibis, Intense, Kent, Marin, Nishiki, Orbea, Ozark Trail, Ozone 500, Pivot, Polygon Bikes, REI Co-op, ROCKRIDER, Salsa, Santa Cruz, Schwinn, SCOTT, and Yeti Cycles. Each brand is known for its unique mountain bike line as listed below.
- Trek: Offers a wide range of mountain bikes known for innovation and quality, including models for cross-country, trail, and downhill.
- Specialized: Known for high-performance mountain bikes with cutting-edge technology, catering to all disciplines from XC to downhill.
- Giant: The world’s largest bike manufacturer, Giant offers a comprehensive range of mountain bikes for all skill levels and terrains.
- Mongoose: Popular for both entry-level and advanced mountain bikes, Mongoose has a strong presence in BMX and mountain biking.
- BH Bikes: A Spanish brand, BH Bikes is known for producing high-quality mountain bikes, including electric mountain bikes.
- Cannondale: Renowned for innovation, Cannondale’s mountain bikes are recognized for their advanced frame designs and suspension technology.
- Diamondback: Offers a variety of mountain bikes for different skill levels, from beginners to advanced riders.
- Eastern: Primarily known for BMX, Eastern also offers a range of mountain bikes.
- Evil Bikes: A boutique brand, Evil Bikes is known for its high-end mountain bikes with a focus on downhill and trail riding.
- Genesis: Offers a range of mountain bikes, known for combining modern technology with traditional design.
- GT: A well-known brand in the mountain biking world, GT offers bikes for all disciplines and is especially famous for its Triple Triangle design.
- Huffy: Offers affordable mountain bikes, suitable for casual riders and beginners.
- Hyper Bicycles: Known for their BMX and mountain bikes, Hyper offers options for both casual and more serious riders.
- Ibis: Specializes in high-end mountain bikes, known for their quality and innovation.
- Intense: A premium brand, Intense is known for its race-ready mountain bikes, especially in the downhill and enduro categories.
- Kent: Provides a range of budget-friendly mountain bikes.
- Marin: Focuses on mountain bikes and offers a range of models for different mountain biking styles.
- Nishiki: Offers a variety of mountain bikes, known for their quality and value.
- Orbea: A Spanish company, Orbea offers a diverse range of mountain bikes, including high-performance models.
- Ozark Trail: Provides budget-friendly mountain bikes, suitable for entry-level riders.
- Ozone 500: Offers affordable mountain bikes, catering to casual or beginner riders.
- Pivot: Known for high-quality, innovative mountain bikes, especially in the trail and enduro segments.
- Polygon Bikes: An emerging brand offering a range of mountain bikes known for their value and performance.
- REI Co-op: Offers a range of outdoor gear, including mountain bikes under their own brand.
- ROCKRIDER: Specializes in mountain bikes, offering options for both beginners and experienced riders.
- Salsa: Known for adventure and mountain bikes, Salsa bikes are designed for off-road and trail riding.
- Santa Cruz: A premium brand renowned for its high-quality mountain bikes, especially in the trail and downhill categories.
- Schwinn: Offers a range of bikes, including mountain bikes known for their affordability and reliability.
- SCOTT: Offers a wide range of mountain bikes, known for their innovation and performance.
- Yeti Cycles: Specializes in high-end mountain bikes, particularly famous for their trail and enduro bikes.
What are the best Chinese mountain bike brands?
The best Chinese mountain bike brands include ICAN, RINASCLTA, TRIFOX, OG-EVKIN, and YISHUN, each offering unique products in the mountain biking market, and each of these brands has made a mark in the mountain biking world with their focus on quality, innovation, and value, making them popular choices among riders who seek performance-oriented bikes and components at competitive prices.
Mountain bike equipments(frame, wheel, bar)
Mountain bike equipment includes essential components like the frame, wheels, handlebars, and seatposts, with variations such as hardtail and full-suspension frames and standard or dropper seatposts. Below is the expansion for each MTB equipment.
- Frame: The core of the mountain bike, frames come in hardtail (with front suspension only) and full-suspension (with both front and rear suspension) designs. Hardtail frames are lighter and more efficient on smooth trails, while full-suspension frames offer better control and comfort on rough, technical terrains.
- Wheels: Critical for handling and stability, mountain bike wheels vary in size, typically 27.5 inches or 29 inches, with wider rims and robust construction to withstand rugged trails.
- Handlebars: Wider than those on road bikes, mountain bike handlebars provide better control and leverage over rough terrain. The design can range from flat bars for a more aggressive riding position to riser bars for more comfortable, upright posture.
- Seatpost: Standard seatposts are fixed in height, while dropper seatposts can be adjusted on the fly, allowing the rider to lower the saddle for better maneuverability on descents and raise it for efficient pedaling on flat sections.
Mountain bike frame and wheel size
Mountain bike frame sizes typically include 15″, 17″, 19″, and 21″, while common wheel sizes are 26er, 27.5er, 27.5er plus, 29er, and 29er plus. Here’s a detailed look at each below.
Mountain Bike Frame Sizes
- 15″ MTB Frame: Best suited for shorter riders, offering a comfortable and controllable ride.
- 17″ MTB Frame: Ideal for riders of average height, balancing comfort and performance.
- 19″ MTB Frame: Designed for taller riders, providing a good mix of comfort and control.
- 21″ MTB Frame: Suitable for very tall riders, offering ample space and a comfortable riding position.
Mountain Bike Wheel Sizes
- 26er: The traditional 26er wheels as a mountain bike wheel size, known for its agility and quick acceleration.
- 27.5er (650b): Strikes a balance between the skill of 26-inch wheels and the roll-over ability of 29-inch wheels.
- 27.5er Plus: Wider than standard 27.5er, providing more traction and stability, particularly beneficial on rough terrains.
- 29er: Offers better roll-over capability and momentum, ideal for long-distance rides and smoother trails.
- 29er Plus: Combines the benefits of 29-inch wheels with wider tires for enhanced grip and stability.
Mountain bike frame materials
Popular mountain bike frame materials include aluminum, carbon fiber, steel, and titanium. Each material brings unique properties to mountain bike frames, affecting the ride quality, weight, durability, and cost, making them suitable for different rider preferences and styles.
- Aluminum: Aluminum MTB frames are widely used due to their combination of lightness, strength, and affordability. They offer a good balance between performance and cost, making them a popular choice for a wide range of mountain bikes.
- Carbon Fiber: Known for being extremely lightweight and stiff, carbon fiber MTB frames provide excellent vibration damping and precision handling. They are often used in high-end mountain bikes for their performance benefits, albeit at a higher cost.
- Steel: Steel MTB frames are celebrated for their durability and comfort, as they can absorb more vibration than aluminum. They are heavier but offer a smooth ride and are favored in custom or boutique mountain bikes.
- Titanium: Titanium MTB frames combine the best qualities of steel and aluminum, being light, strong, and corrosion-resistant. They offer a smooth ride quality and are highly durable, making them a premium choice often found in high-end and custom builds.
How do different Mountain bike types affect performance?
Different mountain bike types affect performance by catering to specific terrain and riding conditions, optimizing for factors like speed, control, comfort, and maneuverability, details as shown in the comparison table below.
Type | Terrain | Speed | Control | Comfort | Maneuverability | Downhill Performance | Uphill Performance |
Cross-country (XC) | Varied, smoother trails | High (efficient) | Good | Moderate | High | Good | Excellent |
Trail | Technical and versatile | Balanced | Very good | Good | High | Very good | Good |
All-mountain/Enduro | Challenging, steep terrain | Moderate (descent focused) | Excellent | Very good | Moderate | Excellent | Moderate |
Downhill | Steep, rough descents | High (descent) | Maximum | High | Lower | Optimized | Not suitable |
Downcountry | Mixed climbs and descents | High | Good | Moderate to good | High | Good | Excellent |
Hardtail | Smooth trails and climbs | High on smooth terrain | Good on smooth terrain | Moderate | High | Moderate | Excellent |
Full-Suspension | Rough terrains | Balanced | Very good | High | Good | Very good | Good |
Which type of MTB is best?
The best MTB type depends on individual preferences and the intended use; for versatile trail riding, a Trail or All-mountain/Enduro bike is often recommended for its balance between climbing efficiency and descending capability, but for specialized riding, such as competitive racing or extreme downhill, specific types like Cross-country (XC) or Downhill bikes would be more suitable.
What is the difference between men’s and women’s mountain bikes?
The difference between men’s and women’s mountain bikes lies primarily in the frame geometry, size, and fit, with women’s bikes often designed with a shorter top tube and adjusted geometry for a more comfortable reach, smaller sizes to better fit shorter riders, and narrower handlebars to suit narrower shoulders. These modifications are made to accommodate the general differences in body proportions between men and women, ensuring a more comfortable and efficient riding experience for female riders. The saddle design is also typically different to better suit female anatomy. However, it’s important to note that the best bike for any rider depends on individual body proportions and personal preference, regardless of gender.
Mountain bike gears
Mountain bike gears include helmets (including full-face helmets), suspension systems, groupsets and brakes, shoes, pedals, seats, and apparel such as kits, gloves, and socks. Below is an expansion on each MTB gear in the list.
- Mountain Biking Helmets: Essential for safety, helmets come in standard and full-face varieties, the latter providing extra protection for downhill riding. Popular brands include Giro, Bell, and POC.
- Mountain Biking Suspension: Suspension systems, including front forks and rear shocks, improve comfort and control on rough terrain. Leading brands in this area are Fox, RockShox, and Marzocchi.
- Mountain Biking Groupset and Brakes: Groupsets comprise the bike’s drivetrain and braking systems. Shimano, SRAM, and Campagnolo are top brands, offering a range of products from entry-level to high-end options.
- Mountain Biking Shoes: Specialized shoes for mountain biking enhance grip and power transfer. Top brands include Five Ten, Shimano, and Specialized.
- Mountain Biking Pedals: Pedals range from flat to clipless designs, offering different levels of foot stability and efficiency. Popular brands are Shimano, Crankbrothers, and HT Components.
- Mountain Biking Seats: Seats are designed for comfort and efficiency during long rides. WTB, Selle Italia, and Fizik are known for their quality mountain biking seats.
- Mountain Biking Apparel: This includes jerseys, shorts, gloves, and socks, designed for comfort, durability, and protection. Brands like Fox Racing, Endura, and Pearl Izumi are renowned for their mountain biking apparel.
Mountain bike accessories
Mountain bike accessories are essential for enhancing the riding experience and include items like lights, pumps, spare tires, glasses, trainers, mudguards, knee pads, backpacks, and bells.
- Light: Essential for visibility and safety, especially when riding in low-light conditions or at night. Lights help in navigating mountain trails and ensuring other riders or pedestrians can see you.
- Pump: A critical tool for maintaining tire pressure, mini pumps are portable and can be easily carried on rides for emergency tire inflation.
- Spare Tires: Carrying spare tires or a repair kit is crucial for addressing flats or tire damage, ensuring you’re not stranded on the trail.
- Glasses: Protect your eyes from debris, dust, and the elements. Mountain biking glasses are often designed to be impact-resistant and provide UV protection.
- Trainer: Used for indoor training, mountain biking trainers allow you to ride your mountain bike stationary, which is ideal for training during off-season or bad weather.
- Mudguards: Essential for wet and muddy conditions, mudguards protect you and your bike from mud and debris, enhancing comfort and reducing cleaning time post-ride.
- Knee Pads: Provide protection for your knees against impacts and falls, which are common in mountain biking, especially on more technical trails.
- Backpack: A specialized mountain biking backpack can carry essentials like water, tools, snacks, and extra clothing, often designed with hydration systems.
- Bell: An important accessory for signaling presence to other trail users, enhancing safety for everyone on shared trails.
Mountain biking racing
Mountain biking racing, a competitive aspect of mountain biking, involves racing bicycles off-road through challenging terrains. This form of racing began in the late 1970s in California as an offshoot of road bicycle racing and has since evolved into a globally recognized sport. Key types of mountain biking races include Cross-Country (XC), which tests speed and endurance over a mix of terrains; Downhill (DH), focusing on high-speed descents; Enduro, a combination of DH and XC with timed downhill stages and untimed uphill sections; and Four-Cross (4X), where riders compete head-to-head on a short, obstacle-filled track. Each type presents unique challenges, from endurance and technical skill to speed and agility, reflecting the diverse nature of the sport.
Mountain biking events
Mountain biking events that rank among the most popular include the UCI Mountain Bike World Cup, Red Bull Rampage, Crankworx, Absa Cape Epic, Trans-Alp Challenge, Sea Otter Classic, Leadville 100 Mountain Bike Race, Downieville Classic, Andes Pacifico, and the Megavalanche Alpe d’Huez.
Mountain biking racing tactics
Mountain biking racing tactics are crucial for optimizing performance in MTB races, and they include strategies like warming up before the race, practicing the MTB course, ensuring proper fuel and hydration for mountain biking, getting off to a flying start in the MTB race, keeping your pace during the mountain biking event, adopting an aerodynamic position while mountain biking, checking cleats for optimal MTB performance, timing your laps in the MTB race, raising your head for better mountain biking awareness, keeping fingers off the brakes to maintain momentum in mountain biking, and recapping the race to learn for the next MTB event.
- Warm Up Before the MTB Race: A thorough warm-up is essential in mountain biking to prepare your muscles and reduce injury risk.
- Practice the MTB Course: Knowing the mountain biking course in advance helps in strategizing and optimizing your performance.
- Get Off to a Flying Start in the MTB Race: A strong start is crucial in mountain biking to gain a favorable position early on.
- Keep Your Pace in the Mountain Biking Event: Consistent pacing is key in mountain biking to ensure sustained performance throughout the race.
- Get Aerodynamic in Mountain Biking: Adopting an aerodynamic position during fast sections can improve your speed and efficiency in mountain biking.
- Check Cleats for MTB: Properly adjusted cleats are vital in mountain biking for effective power transfer and pedal control.
- Time Your Laps in the MTB Race: Monitoring your lap times is important in mountain biking for pacing and race strategy.
- Raise Your Head for Better Mountain Biking Awareness: Keeping your head up enhances navigation and overall performance in mountain biking.
- Fingers Off the Brakes in Mountain Biking: Minimizing braking helps maintain momentum and conserve energy in MTB races.
- Fuel and Hydrate Properly for Mountain Biking: Adequate nutrition and hydration are crucial for maintaining energy levels in mountain biking.
- Recap the Race and Learn for the Next MTB Event: Reflecting on your mountain biking race performance helps identify areas for improvement.
Best Mountain biking riders to watch
The best mountain biking riders to watch, known for their remarkable achievements and contributions to the sport, include John Tomac “The Tomes”, Julien Absalon, Nino Schurter, Juliana Furtado, Nico Vouilloz, Anne-Caroline Chausson, Greg Minnaar, Alison Sydor, Brian Lopes, and Rachel Atherton. Here’s a brief overview of each rider below.
- John Tomac – “The Tomes”: A legend in both mountain biking and road cycling, known for his versatility and dominance across multiple MTB disciplines in the 1980s and 1990s.
- Julien Absalon: Renowned in cross-country mountain biking, Absalon is a multiple-time Olympic gold medalist and World Champion, celebrated for his extraordinary career in XC racing.
- Nino Schurter: A dominant figure in modern cross-country mountain biking, Schurter is known for his numerous World Championships and Olympic medals.
- Juliana Furtado: A trailblazer in women’s mountain biking, Furtado has multiple World Championships to her name and has significantly influenced women’s mountain biking.
- Nico Vouilloz: Referred to as the “French Phenom”, Vouilloz has an impressive record in downhill mountain biking, including multiple World Championships.
- Anne-Caroline Chausson: A legend in women’s mountain biking, particularly in downhill, Chausson boasts numerous World Championship titles and an Olympic gold medal.
- Greg Minnaar: One of the most successful downhill mountain bikers, Minnaar is known for his longevity in the sport and multiple World Championship victories.
- Alison Sydor: A distinguished figure in women’s mountain biking, Sydor has earned multiple World Championships and Olympic medals in her career.
- Brian Lopes: Known for his skill in both BMX and mountain biking, Lopes has multiple World Cup victories and is celebrated for his technical prowess in 4X and dual slalom.
- Rachel Atherton: A dominant force in women’s downhill mountain biking, Atherton holds numerous World Championship titles and World Cup victories, setting a high bar in the sport.
What does it take to become a professional Mountain cyclist?
To become a professional mountain cyclist, it takes consistent training, skill development, physical fitness, mental toughness, competitive experience, technical knowledge, a strategic approach, sponsorship and networking, specialized equipment, and a commitment to continuous improvement. Here’s a list of these factors in detail.
- Consistent Training: Regular, focused training sessions to improve endurance and skills.
- Skill Development: Honing specific mountain biking skills, like technical descents and climbs.
- Physical Fitness: Building overall strength, stamina, and agility for demanding rides.
- Mental Toughness: Cultivating resilience and focus for competitive environments.
- Competitive Experience: Participating in races to gain experience and recognition.
- Technical Knowledge: Understanding bike mechanics and trail dynamics.
- Strategic Approach: Developing race strategies and adapting to different terrains.
- Sponsorship and Networking: Building relationships with sponsors and the mountain biking community.
- Specialized Equipment: Investing in high-quality gear tailored to your racing style.
- Commitment to Continuous Improvement: Always seeking ways to enhance performance and learn from experiences.
Is mountain biking harder than cycling?
Yes, mountain biking can be harder than cycling for many riders because it often involves navigating more challenging, varied terrain, which requires greater technical skill and physical effort, but the difficulty also depends on the specific type of cycling and the individual’s experience and fitness level.
Is mountain biking a skill?
Yes, mountain biking is a skill because it involves mastering various techniques such as navigating through challenging terrains, maintaining balance on uneven surfaces, efficiently climbing and descending hills, and handling the bike under different conditions, all of which require practice, coordination, and physical fitness.
Is mountain biking a sport?
Yes, mountain biking is a sport because it meets the criteria of a sport by involving physical exertion, skill, and competition, especially evident in various forms of mountain biking races and events that test endurance, technical ability, and strategic thinking.
Is mountain biking an Olympic sport?
Yes, mountain biking is an Olympic sport, and it was first added to the Olympics in the 1996 Atlanta Games, where the inaugural event featured 38 male and 29 female riders competing in the cross-country discipline.
What is the International Mountain Bicycling Association (IMBA)?
The International Mountain Bicycling Association (IMBA) is a non-profit organization, founded in 1988 in California by a group of mountain bike enthusiasts, dedicated to promoting and preserving sustainable trail access for mountain bikers worldwide through education, advocacy, and trail creation and maintenance initiatives.
What’s the mountain bike capital of the world?
The mountain bike capital of the world is Bentonville, Arkansas, a title largely attributed to the significant investment and development efforts led by the Walton family, co-founders of Walmart. The city transformed itself into a mountain biking hub by constructing an extensive network of diverse trails, attracting riders of all levels and hosting major biking events, which garnered global recognition and established Bentonville’s prestigious title in the mountain biking community.
How to ride a Mountain bike?
To ride a mountain bike effectively, you should start by understanding how to get into the sport, familiarize yourself with basic techniques and riding poses, adjust the seat position for optimal comfort and control, learn efficient braking and gear shifting, practice hiking the bike in difficult terrains, follow trail etiquette, continuously work on improving your skills, and thoughtfully plan your mountain biking trips to ensure a fulfilling and safe experience, especially when trying it for the first time.
How to get into mountain biking?
To get into mountain biking as a beginner, start by choosing an appropriate bike, ideally a hardtail for its simplicity and effectiveness, familiarize yourself with basic maintenance, invest in essential gear like a helmet and appropriate clothing, gradually build up your riding skills on beginner-friendly trails, and consider joining local mountain biking groups or classes to learn from more experienced riders and immerse yourself in the mountain biking community.
How do you mountain bike for the first time?
To ride a mountain bike for the first time, one should start by choosing a suitable trail for beginners, ensure they have the right gear including a helmet and appropriate clothing, familiarize themselves with the bike’s basic mechanics like braking and gear shifting, and approach the ride with a mindset of learning and patience, gradually building up confidence and skills on the trail.
What are the basic mountain biking techniques?
The basic mountain biking techniques include proper body positioning for balance, effective braking, mastering gear shifting, navigating turns and obstacles efficiently, and developing climbing and descending skills.
What are mountain biking riding poses?
Mountain biking riding poses are the neutral position, ready position, seated climbing position, standing climbing position, and descending position, each tailored for specific trail situations. The neutral position is used for mild terrain and cruising, the ready position for technical sections requiring responsiveness, seated climbing for efficient uphill pedaling, standing climbing for steeper ascents, and the descending position for control and stability on downhill sections.
How to adjust the mountain biking seat position?
To adjust the mountain biking seat position, one should ensure that the height allows for a slight bend in the knee when the foot is at the bottom of the pedal stroke, while the seat’s fore-aft position should be set so that when the pedal is at 3 o’clock, the rider’s knee is directly over the pedal axle, providing optimal balance between comfort, power, and efficiency.
How to brake on a Mountain Bike?
To brake on a mountain bike properly, one should use both front and rear brakes in unison, applying them smoothly and progressively, avoiding sudden, hard braking except in emergencies, and modulating the pressure based on terrain and speed, with more reliance on the front brake for effective stopping power, while maintaining body weight distribution to avoid skidding or flipping.
How to shift gears on a Mountain Bike?
To shift gears on a mountain bike properly, one should anticipate the terrain and shift to lower gears before starting an uphill climb and higher gears for flat or downhill sections, always aiming to shift while pedaling lightly and avoiding abrupt gear changes under heavy pedal pressure to ensure smooth transitions and maintain momentum.
How to hike the mountain bike?
To hike the mountain bike, one should either walk beside the bike, holding the handlebar with one hand and stabilizing it at the seat or top tube with the other, or in more challenging terrains, lift and carry the bike over obstacles by holding the top tube or the down tube, ensuring effective navigation through steep, technical, or unrideable sections while maintaining control and safety.
What is the mountain biking Trail Etiquette?
The mountain biking Trail Etiquette refers to a set of guidelines and best practices aimed at ensuring safety, respect, and enjoyment for all trail users. It includes yielding the right of way to hikers and equestrians, controlling speed, announcing your presence when overtaking, staying on marked trails to protect the environment, leaving no trace, and being respectful of wildlife and other riders. These principles promote responsible riding, help in maintaining trail access for everyone, and ensure a harmonious shared use of the trails.
How to improve Mountain biking skills?
To improve mountain biking skills, one should consistently practice on varied terrains to enhance technical abilities, participate in skills clinics or workshops for professional guidance, ride with more experienced bikers to learn new techniques, focus on specific skills like cornering or jumping during practice sessions, and regularly review and analyze rides to identify areas for improvement.
How do I plan a Mountain biking trip?
To plan a mountain biking trip, one can research trails suited to their skill level, check weather conditions for the planned dates, ensure their mountain bike is properly maintained, pack necessary gear including safety equipment and a first-aid kit, and plan logistics like transportation, accommodations, and local trail rules and regulations.
Is mountain biking hard?
No, mountain biking is not inherently hard for individuals who are reasonably fit and willing to learn, because it can be tailored to various skill levels with trails ranging from easy to extremely challenging, but it does require a basic level of physical fitness, coordination, and a willingness to tackle diverse terrains and develop technical riding skills.
Why is mountain biking so fun?
Mountain biking is fun for many because it combines physical exercise with the thrill of navigating diverse natural landscapes, offering an exhilarating sense of adventure and exploration. The sport allows riders to experience a unique blend of speed, control, and connection with the outdoors, along with the satisfaction of overcoming challenging terrains and obstacles, which can be both physically and mentally rewarding. Additionally, mountain biking often fosters a sense of community among riders, enhancing the overall enjoyment of the activity.
Can I use a mountain bike on the road?
Yes, you can use a mountain bike on the road because it is versatile and capable of handling different surfaces, but it’s important to be aware that mountain bikes are generally slower and less efficient on paved roads compared to road bikes due to their wider tires and upright geometry. Additionally, when riding on the road, you should follow road traffic laws, use bike lanes where available, and be mindful of your visibility and safety among other road users.
Can you use a mountain bike as a road bike?
Yes, you can use a mountain bike as a road bike for casual riding or commuting, because it can handle paved surfaces, however, it’s important to note that mountain bikes are not as efficient on roads as dedicated road bikes due to their heavier build, wider tires, and different gearing, which can make long-distance road cycling or high-speed riding more challenging.
Are mountain bikes good for the road?
Yes, mountain bikes are good for the road for casual riding or commuting, but they are less efficient than road bikes and gravel bikes on paved surfaces due to their heavier frames, wider tires, and suspension systems, which can make them slower and more physically demanding to ride over long distances on smooth roads.
Mountain biking training plan
A mountain biking training plan varies based on the individual’s goals and skill level, with distinct approaches for amateur and professional MTB bikers, men and women; it typically encompasses aspects such as targeted physical training, technical skills development, strategic nutrition plans, utilization of training apps and books for guidance, participation in competitive events for experience, and watching movies or documentaries for inspiration and learning.
Mountain biking training plan for beginner
Mountain biking training plans for beginners should incorporate factors such as gradually increasing ride duration and intensity, balancing between trail and road riding for skill and endurance development, integrating cross-training activities for overall fitness, ensuring adequate rest and recovery, focusing on technical skill improvement, and including longer rides to build stamina and explore various terrains, all while maintaining a consistent and progressive approach to training.
Here is a basic weekly training plan for a beginner mountain biker, focusing on balanced activities for skill and endurance development. This plan includes varied activities such as rest days, consistent riding, cross-training, and a long ride on the weekend to build different aspects of mountain biking skills and fitness.
Day | Activity | Duration/Distance | Note |
Monday | Rest or Light Activity | – | Recovery is crucial for muscle repair |
Tuesday | Road or Trail Ride | 1 hour / 10-15 miles | Focus on building endurance |
Wednesday | Cross-Training (e.g., running, swimming) | 30-45 mins | Enhance overall fitness and flexibility |
Thursday | Road or Trail Ride | 1 hour / 10-15 miles | Practice technical skills |
Friday | Rest or Light Activity | – | Recovery for weekend ride |
Saturday | Long Trail Ride | 2-3 hours / 20-30 miles | Build stamina and explore trails |
Sunday | Rest or Active Recovery (e.g., light ride, stretching) | 30-60 mins | Light activities to avoid stiffness |
Mountain biking training plan for amateur
Mountain biking training plans for amateurs should focus on developing technical skills, building endurance, improving strength and flexibility, and incorporating varied terrains and intensities. It’s important to balance challenging trail rides with skill development, complement mountain biking with cross-training or strength training, ensure adequate rest and recovery, and progressively increase the difficulty and distance of rides.
Here’s a weekly training plan for an amateur mountain biker, which is designed to enhance an amateur rider’s overall mountain biking capabilities, focusing on both physical and technical aspects of the sport.
Day | Activity | Duration/Distance | Note |
Monday | Rest or Light Activity | – | Recovery for muscle repair |
Tuesday | Trail Ride with Technical Focus | 1-2 hours | Focus on handling and control |
Wednesday | Cross-Training or Strength Training | 1 hour | Improve overall strength and fitness |
Thursday | Road Ride for Endurance | 1-2 hours / 20-25 miles | Build cardiovascular endurance |
Friday | Rest or Yoga/Flexibility | 30-60 mins | Enhance flexibility and prevent injury |
Saturday | Long Trail Ride with Elevation Gain | 3-4 hours / 30-40 miles | Increase stamina and explore challenging terrains |
Sunday | Skill Practice or Short Intensive Ride | 1-2 hours | Refine specific skills or high-intensity training |
Mountain biking training plan for professional
Mountain biking training plans for professional MTB riders focus on refining advanced technical skills, enhancing physical strength and endurance, and maintaining peak performance levels. This involves high-intensity interval training, strength and conditioning workouts, technical skill practice, long endurance rides with varied terrain, race simulations, and strategic rest and recovery periods.
Here’s a weekly training plan for a professional mountain biker, which is tailored for professionals, emphasizing continuous improvement in all aspects of mountain biking and ensuring they are competition-ready.
Day | Activity | Duration/Distance | Note |
Monday | Active Recovery or Light Ride | 1 hour | Maintain fitness and muscle flexibility |
Tuesday | High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Trail | 1-2 hours | Improve speed and power |
Wednesday | Strength and Conditioning Training | 1 hour | Enhance overall strength and endurance |
Thursday | Technical Skill Practice on Trail | 2-3 hours | Refine technical skills and agility |
Friday | Long Endurance Ride with Varied Terrain | 4-6 hours | Build stamina and adaptability |
Saturday | Race Simulation or Specific Skill Focus Ride | 3-5 hours | Mimic race conditions or focus on weak areas |
Sunday | Rest or Strategic Recovery Activities | – | Rest and focus on mental and physical recovery |
Is mountain biking hard for beginners?
No, mountain biking is not hard for beginners if they start with appropriate trails for their skill level, use the right equipment and bike parts, and gradually build up their riding skills and physical fitness, allowing them to progressively tackle more challenging terrains and technical features.
What type of mountain bike should a beginner get?
A mountain bike beginner should get a hardtail mountain bike because it is generally more affordable, easier to maintain, and provides a good balance between performance and simplicity, allowing new riders to develop fundamental skills like balance and trail handling before moving to more complex full-suspension bikes.
Is 40 too old to start mountain biking?
No, 40 is not too old to start mountain biking because, from a medical and sporting perspective, individuals can take up new physical activities at any age as long as they are in good health and start gradually, but it’s important to be mindful of individual fitness levels, opt for a suitable training regime, and perhaps consult with a healthcare provider, especially if there are any existing health concerns.
Nutrition needs for Mountain bikers
Nutrition needs for mountain bikers include a balanced intake of macronutrients and micronutrients to support the physical demands of the sport. From a nutritional and medical perspective, mountain bikers require a balanced diet that properly addresses these nutritional needs is essential for mountain bikers to maintain energy, build and repair muscle, and ensure overall health and peak performance.
- Carbohydrates: As a primary energy source, carbs are especially important for endurance rides, to fuel muscles and maintain energy levels.
- Proteins: Essential for muscle repair and growth, particularly after intense rides or training sessions.
- Fats: Needed for longer-lasting energy, especially important on longer or more intense rides.
- Hydration: Adequate fluid intake is crucial to prevent dehydration, which can impair performance and recovery.
- Micronutrients: Vitamins and minerals, such as calcium for bone strength, iron for oxygen transport, and electrolytes for muscle function, are vital for overall health and optimal performance.
- Timing of Nutrient Intake: Eating the right foods before, during, and after rides can significantly impact energy levels, recovery, and overall performance.
Health benefits of Mountain biking
Health benefits of mountain biking include improved cardiovascular fitness, enhanced muscle strength and flexibility, better joint mobility, increased endurance, weight management, stress reduction, improved coordination and balance, boosted mental well-being, exposure to fresh air and nature, and the development of a sense of community among riders.
Disadvantages of Mountain biking
Disadvantages of mountain biking include a higher risk of injuries such as fractures and sprains, potential for overuse injuries, the cost of equipment and maintenance, the need for specialized skills and training, dependence on weather and trail conditions, environmental impact if not practiced responsibly, the physical demands that may not suit everyone, and the time commitment required for regular participation and skill improvement.
Is mountain biking good for you?
Yes, mountain biking is good for you if approached with safety and proper preparation, as it offers numerous physical and mental health benefits, including improved cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength, coordination, and stress reduction, but it’s important to be aware of the risks such as potential injuries and ensure that the activity matches your fitness level and health conditions.
What are some good mountain biking games?
Good mountain biking games range from realistic simulations to more arcade-style experiences, offering various ways to enjoy mountain biking virtually, below is the most popular mountain biking games online.
- Descenders
- Lonely Mountains: Downhill
- MX OffRoad Mountain Bike
- Downhill Domination
- Mountain Bike Runner
- Mountain Bike Xtreme
- MTB Downhill Mountain Bike
- Shred! Remastered
- Shred! 2 – ft Sam Pilgrim
- Bike Mayhem Mountain Racing
- No Fear Downhill Mountain Biking
- Mountain Bike Adrenaline
- Bike Unchained 2
- Mountain Bike Park-Tycoon Game
- Shred!: Downhill Mountain Biking
- Traildown: Downhill Mountain Biking
- Zwift
- Mountain Bike BMX Cycle Games
What are some good mountain biking books?
Good mountain biking books offer a mix of skill development, maintenance tips, personal adventures, and inspirational journeys in the world of mountain biking.
- “Mastering Mountain Bike Skills” by Brian Lopes and Lee McCormack
- “Zinn and the Art of Mountain Bike Maintenance” by Lennard Zinn
- “Rusch to Glory: Adventure, Risk & Triumph on the Path Less Traveled” by Rebecca Rusch
- “The Divide: A 2700 Mile Search for Answers” by Nathan Doneen
What are some good mountain biking apps?
Good mountain biking apps, designed for both iOS and Android platforms, offer a range of functionalities from trail navigation and condition updates to ride tracking and community engagement, enhancing the mountain biking experience.
- Trailforks
- MTB Project
- Strava
- AllTrails
- Komoot
- ENDURO Mountainbike Magazine
- Map My Ride GPS Cycling Riding
- Brujula Bike
- SAGLY – MTB bike tracker
- JAGZ
What are some good mountain biking movies?
Top 5 best mountain biking movies that capture the essence and excitement of the sport are list below. These films showcase breathtaking landscapes, thrilling adventures, and the spirit of mountain biking.
- “North of Nightfall” – Directed by Jeremy Grant, released in 2018.
- “Riding the Tatshenshini” – Directed by Anthony Bonello and Mike Hopkins, released in 2017.
- “Kilimanjaro: Mountain of Greatness” – Directed by Aaron Whitley, released in 2018.
- “EMIL – Every Mystery I’ve Lived: The Next Chapter” – Directed by Justin Loiselle, released in 2020.
- “Gamble” – Directed by Joe Bowman and Aaron Bartlett, released in 2018.
What are some good mountain biking national parks?
The most famous mountain biking USA national parks and their locations are as below.
- Redwood National and State Parks – Located near Crescent City, California, USA.
- Saguaro National Park – Situated near Tucson, Arizona, USA.
- Canyonlands National Park – Found near Moab, Utah, USA.
- Cuyahoga Valley National Park – Located near Cleveland and Akron, Ohio, USA.
Mountain biking vs road cycling, which is better?
Choosing between mountain biking and road cycling depends on individual preferences and goals: mountain biking is better for those seeking technical challenges and off-road adventures because it offers diverse terrains and a more varied full-body workout, but road cycling is better for individuals looking for speed, long-distance endurance, and efficient cardiovascular training on smoother surfaces.
What are some good mountain bike quotes?
The 5 most popular mountain biking quotes are ad below.
- “It never gets easier, you just go faster.” – Greg LeMond, three-time winner of the Tour de France.
- “Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving.” – Albert Einstein, Theoretical Physicist.
- “The best rides are the ones where you bite off much more than you can chew, and live through it.” – Doug Bradbury, Mountain Bike Pioneer.
- “You can’t buy happiness, but you can buy a bike and that’s pretty close.” – Unknown.
- “Ride as much or as little, as long or as short as you feel. But ride.” – Eddy Merckx, one of the greatest professional cyclists of all time.